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使用 navicat 连接

1. 下载 Mysql 的 Docker 镜像：

$ docker search mysql (搜索 mysql 镜像)  
$ docker pull mysql（下载 mysql 镜像，默认最新版本）

2. 运行镜像:

$ docker run -it --rm --name mysql -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=123456 -p 3307:3306 -d mysql

设置 root 账号初始密码（123456），映射本地宿主机端口 3307 到 Docker 端口 3306。测试过程没有挂载本地数据盘

3. 查看已运行的容器：

[root@wellhey ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE                 COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS              PORTS                               NAMES
46bcd0adc1c3        mysql:latest          "docker-entrypoint.s…"   About an hour ago   Up About an hour    33060/tcp, 0.0.0.0:3307->3306/tcp   mysql
2afd2a2165b4        portainer/portainer   "/portainer"             10 hours ago        Up 10 hours         0.0.0.0:9000->9000/tcp              quizzical_neumann

4. 进入 mysql 容器：

docker exec -it mysql bash  
root@a42f31094df5:/#   

5. 在容器内登陆 Mysql:

[root@wellhey ~]# docker exec -it mysql mysql -uroot -p
Enter password:
'Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 26
Server version: 8.0.16 MySQL Community Server - GPL
Copyright (c) 2000, 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners.
mysql>

6. 查看用户信息并修改 root 权限

mysql> select host,user,plugin from mysql.user;
+-----------+------------------+-----------------------+
| host      | user             | plugin                |
+-----------+------------------+-----------------------+
| %         | root             | mysql_native_password |
| localhost | mysql.infoschema | caching_sha2_password |
| localhost | mysql.session    | caching_sha2_password |
| localhost | mysql.sys        | caching_sha2_password |
| localhost | root             | caching_sha2_password |
+-----------+------------------+-----------------------+

备注：host 为 % 表示不限制 ip localhost 表示本机使用 plugin 非 mysql_native_password 则需要修改密码。
navicat 链接错误，我们继续往下看。

mysql> ALTER user 'root'@'%' IDENTIFIED WITH mysql_native_password BY '密码';  
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)  
mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;  
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)  

7. 连接数据库的

8. 其他错误

此方法修改 root 权限还可以解决 MySQL 登录时出现：Access denied for user ‘root’@’xxxxxx’ (using password: YES)